SNOW HYDROLOGY (GEOG 4321): HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2

Instuctor: Mark Williams
Telephone: 492-8830

Homework 2

• Assigned 13 May.
• Due 14 May to Tyler.
• 30 possible points.
• SHOW ALL YOUR WORK.
• WRITE NEATLY and LEGIBLY.
• START EACH PROBLEM ON A NEW PAGE.
• WRITE THE QUESTION AT THE START OF EACH ANSWER.

1. Convert 45 m/s, a wind speed measured at Niwot Ridge last fall, to km/hr and miles/hr (3 points).
2. The melting point of ice decreases by 7.4 x 10^-3 deg C when pressure increases by 1 atm. A 160-lb ice skater can exert a pressure equivalent to 600 atm on the ice directly under their ice skates. Consequently, the ice under the skates melts at a temperature lower than 0 deg C, so that the skate actually slides on a film of water. How much does a pressure of 600 atm lower the freezing point of ice, in deg C? (5 points).
3. Starting with a mass of 100g of ice at -10degC, calculate the energy needed in Joules (J) to vaporize the ice at +100degC, as follows (6 points):
   • how much energy is needed to raise the ice temperature from -10degC to 0degC?
   • how much energy is needed to melt the ice at 0degC?
   • how much energy is needed to raise the liquid water temperature from 0degC to +100degC?
   • how much energy is needed to vaporize the liquid at +100degC?
   • What is the total amount of energy needed?
   • how much energy is needed to vaporize the ice at 0degC?
4. Draw a single water vapor molecule and label (5 points):
   • atoms;
   • angle between hydrogen atoms;
   • number of protons in each atom;
   • bonding orbitals.
5. Explain why the maximum density of water occurs at +4degC and not at 0degC. Keywords must include hydrogen bonding, crystalline lattice, ice, I_h, and polymer (5 points).
6. Following are actual data collected at the meteorological tower on Niwot Ridge. Calculate the average loss of water from the snowpack in mm/day for the months of November (no liquid water in snowpack) and May (liquid water in snowpack). To answer this question, remember that watts (W) are equal to Joules per second (J/s), and that there are 1000 kilograms of water per cubic meter of water (6 points).
   • November, daily average latent heat flux was -77.11 W/m2.
   • May, daily average latent heat flux was -51.6 W/m2.
   • Take a guess at why the evaporative loss from the snowpack was greater in November than in May.

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