OLD TESTS

MIDTERM 1

Movement of water vapor from the solid phase to the vapor phase
is called ____________________________ (2 pt)?

The energy released as liquid water freezes is called
_____________________________ (2 pt)?

Vapor pressure can be converted to vapor density using
the __________________________ (2 pt)?

What is the structural unit of ice @roman I sub h@?
_____________________________ (2 pt).

When air temperature is about -1\(deC, snow crytals grow primarily
by  _____________________________ (2 pt)?

The formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere at
-40\(deC is called
_____________________________ (2 pt)?

Name a naturally-occurring particle (aerosol) found in the
atmosphere that makes a good nucleating agent for ice.
_____________________________ (2 pt).

Dendritic snow crystals generally grow in this temperature range.
_____________________________ (2 pt).

Name 3 physical parameters that influence snow distribution.
_____________________________ (2 pt).
_____________________________ (2 pt).
_____________________________ (2 pt).

Define supersaturation (4 pt).

Draw two water molecules in the solid phase of water.
Connect the molecules with a hydrogen bond.
Label all atoms, all covalent bonds, all hydrogen bonds,
and the angle between hydrogen atoms ( 10 pts).

Explain why the density of water at 0\(deC is greater
than the density of ice at 0\(deC.
Include in your answer these terms:
crystalline lattice, ice @roman I sub h@, hydrogen bonds,
chains, 4 hands (10 points).

Explain why most impurities are located on the \f3OUTSIDE\f1
of snow crystals in the atmosphere, and not on the inside.
Include these key words:
supercooled water droplets, distillation process,
crystalline lattice, surface-to-volume ratio
(10 points).

List the conditions necessary for snow to form in the atmosphere
(10 points).

Calculate SWE in meters,
given an average density of 250 kgs/m3 and a snowdepth
of 200 cm.
Show all steps (10 points).

Starting with a mass of 1000\|g of ice at 0\(deC,
calculate the energy needed in Joules (J) to answer
the following questions.
Show all work and equations used.

How much energy is needed to melt the ice at 0\(deC (5 points)?

How much energy is needed to raise the liquid water temperature
from 0\(deC to \(pl100\(deC (5 points)?

You have just received a $200,000 grant from the City of Boulder
to design a better method of estimating the amount of water
stored as snow in the Boulder Creek watershed.
Explain how you would design and execute such a research project.
Be sure to include problems and limitations of existing
methods used to estimate the spatial distribution of snow
(14 points).

MIDTERM 2

The mode of snow transport at heights greater than 1 meter is called
_______________________ (2 pt)?

Deposition of snow by wind occurs in areas where the velocity
of wind ________________ (2 pt)?

Radius of curvature increases as the radius of snow grains decreases,
causing the vapor pressure over that point to ____________________ (2 pt)?

Snow metamorphism occurs because certain snow grains
are ______________________________ (2 pt)
with respect to the RH of pore space and lose mass while other
snow grains become ________________________________ (2 pt) with
respect to the
RH of pore space and gain mass.

The frictional velocity of wind is defined as

Avalanches tend to start at convexities in the snowpack,
because this is where _____________________ (2 pt) is at its maximum.

A synomyn for equi-temperature or ET snow is ________________________
(2 pt).

For any avalanche to release, you generally need to have a
______________________ (2 pt) over a _______________________ (2 pt).

The relative humidity of pore space in the seasonal snowpack
is always about _______________________ (2 pt).

The electromagnetic energy at a given temperature can be calculated
for any wavelength using the ______________________ (2 pt).

The ____________________________ calculates the total electromagnetic
energy emitted by a black body (2 pt).

During the winter,
snowpacks are generally warmest at the __________________________ (2 pt)
boundary.

Fill in the following table that compares how
TG and ET metamorphism differ. 

Snow grain size (mm)	\_	\_

Snow grain shape	\_	\_

Snowpack sintering	\_	\_

Snowpack strength	\_	\_

Vapor Pressure Gradient	\_	\_	

You have a cattle ranch on a windy piece of sagebrush acreage
near Laramie, Wyoming and need more water.
Describe how and why you could harvest more water from snow (10 pt).

Use your knowledge of snow metamorphism and ice physics to explain
why solutes are generally on the outside of snow grains
and not inside snow grains (10 pt).

Explain why it takes a steeper temperature gradient to form
depth hoar as snowpack temperatures become colder (10 pt).

Explain why avalanches generally run on slope angles of
30\(de to 45\(de and not at higher or lower slope angles.
Be sure to discuss the importance of gravity, slope angle,
snow density and snow depth (10 pt).

Vapor diffusion is an important component of heat flux within
the snowpack when density is less than
350\|kg\|@roman m sup -3@ and not an important component
of heat flux in the snowpack when density is greater than
350\|kg\|@roman m sup -3@.
Explain why (10 pt).